The Importance of Being Victorian Oscar Wilde Essay Example

The Importance of Being Victorian: Oscar Wilde Paper The Importance of Being Victorian: Oscar Wilde â€Å"The truth is seldom unadulterated and never basic. Present day life would be extremely dreary in the event that it were either, and current writing a total impossibility† (Wilde 14). As a splendid author of the 1800’s, Oscar Wilde dedicated most of his progresses in the direction of revealing the cruel certainties of the Victorian culture. Driving an existence of trickery himself, he decided to feature his abhorrences for the social foul play he saw around him with unreasonable amusingness. Being the primary dramatist to incorporate gay insinuations, inspire ladies, and fake present normal practices, it was astonishing to discover how broadly acknowledged his creation became. Surveys adulated his utilization of clever exchange and comedic characters, making the most suffering play of the Victorian Era. In â€Å"The Importance of Being Earnest: A Trivial Comedy for Serious People,† Oscar Wilde uses his own encounters to expose the social shows of the British Aristocracy during the late 1800’s. Oscar Wilde’s life was a long way from customary. Brought into the world under the unpredictable name Oscar Fingal O’Flahertie Wills Wilde on October sixteenth, 1854, he experienced childhood in a â€Å"richly eccentric† family (Woodcock 9). His dad, Sir William Wilde, was a regarded aural specialist for the Victorian privileged who was â€Å"appointed clinical guide to the Irish Census of 1841† by the youthful age of twenty-eight (Gately). Wilde’s mother, Jane Francesca Elgee, regularly alluded to as Lady Wilde, was an Irish patriot who trusted herself to be a progressive. We will compose a custom paper test on The Importance of Being Victorian: Oscar Wilde explicitly for you for just $16.38 $13.9/page Request now We will compose a custom article test on The Importance of Being Victorian: Oscar Wilde explicitly for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Recruit Writer We will compose a custom exposition test on The Importance of Being Victorian: Oscar Wilde explicitly for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Recruit Writer She composed verse under the pseudonym â€Å"Speranza,† for a week after week Irish paper, The Nation, and sorted out a few social events for craftsmen to speak upon scholarly themes (Harris 3). Among his folks, Wilde was acquainted with a wide cluster of specialists, erudite people, and specialists from around the globe. These thoughts helped Wilde to figure out how to esteem clever and scholarly discussion, which he lights up all through â€Å"The Importance of Being Earnest. † Wilde was given the favorable position to accomplish unrivaled instruction. Winning a few honors at Portora Royal School, he was at that point thought about a significant researcher before going to school at Trinity and Magdalen in Oxford (Pearson 18). At these schools, Wilde started a deep rooted reverence of the works of art, which would later impact his resulting composing (Harris 17). Affected by three educators, John Ruskin, Walter Pater, and Frank Mahaffy, Wilde was changed into a capital man of his word who wearing unconventional attire and continually scrutinized the Victorian standards (Harris 24). Ruskin motivated Wilde’s creative mind and distinguished soul with â€Å"his prose† style and sentimental composition (Harris 28). Pater, Wilde fights, â€Å"taught me the most elevated type of workmanship: the severity of beauty† (Harris 28). His accentuation in expressions of the human experience additionally encouraged Wilde to live for delight and trial with â€Å"the instrument of speech,† which later helped him structure clever discourse in his plays (Harris 28). Mahaffy took him on outings to Italy and Greece, enlivened his adoration for the Greek language, and moved him to take a gander at the harsh morals around them (Harris 27, Pearson 34). Without the direction and consolation of these teachers, Wilde might not have developed into the comical and regarded author seen today. Wilde went into the big name spotlight through his mind and unpredictable way of life. To make himself paramount, he wore unconventional apparel and brandished blossoms and lilies with every one of his outfits. He ventured out and addressed to build his acclaim in Britain and abroad (Pearson 38). Audience members broadcasted, â€Å"[he] was no matter what the most splendid talker I have ever gone over, the most prepared, the most clever, the most audacious†¦ Nobody could profess to eclipse him† (Pearson 170). As his notoriety bloomed, he started to court big names and book triumphant visits. On one of these visits, Wilde met his significant other Constance Lloyd, for better or for more terrible (Harris 52). They settled down together, became good guardians, and had two children, Cyril and Vyvyan. Thusly, this all changed significantly in 1891 when he met Lord Alfred Douglas and went into a gay relationship with him outside of his marriage (Gately). Exhausted by the show of his wedded life at home, Wilde would frequently get away to a subsequent condo with Douglas and straightforwardly share a relationship with him (Small 25). His mystery, doppelganger way of life, scholarly foundation, and encounters with Victorian Britain all meet up in his satire to feature Wilde’s reactions for the British gentry. In the West End of London, Wilde’s ,â€Å"The Importance of Being Ernest,† debuted during a period of change. Around him, numerous social, strict, political, and monetary regulations were developing. Earlier exhibitions at the George Alexander’s St. James Theater, for instance, never set out to taunt the principles of society (Raby xi). It was viewed as a significant foul to jeer the privileged, yet Wilde was not reluctant to endanger their help. On February fourteenth, 1894, â€Å"The Importance of Being Earnest,† made its introduction and immediately rose to a triumph, running eighty-six additional occasions from there on (Gately). As a joke, his diverting play overstated physical activity, for example, droll, silliness, and implausibility, to amaze the crowd with surprising occasions and reestablish veritable satire to the stage (Bloom 35-39). As an Irish Protestant untouchable to London, Wilde was prominently acknowledged by the privileged of London, even as they snickered about themselves. His three significant wellsprings of parody: social analysis of the upper and white collar class, homosexuality, and witticisms and quips; made the play a splendid achievement (Mazer). Wilde’s play uncovers a few ramifications about this Victorian privileged. Algernon Moncrieff, an affluent lone ranger who claims to have a sibling named â€Å"Bumbry† to escape from the city, is continually searching for fervor because of his weariness with the shows (Wilde 15). Worried about close to home fulfillment and appearance, Algernon speaks to the visual goals of the high society and consistently dresses in sharp and dandy clothing. Despite the fact that he ostensibly encapsulates them, inside, he really conflicts with the behavior of the privileged, making a Catch 22. Wilde uncovers through Algernon’s character that Victorian estimations of obligation and uprightness are harsh to the human soul (Raby 59). John Worthing, then again, is an equity of the harmony, watchman of Cecily, and proprietor of a good nation home. Because of his position, he is a result of his social standing and along these lines, maintains rules (Bloom 38). He is acknowledged by the privileged for his fortune and fitting habits, which have a higher incentive than the way of life Algernon leads. Albeit the two men have a mystery existence obscure to society, Wilde infers that society â€Å"cares about substance yet rather worships preliminary and triviality† (Raby 82). Like Wilde’s individual life, his male heroes have mystery existences. Recorded as a hard copy a play about truth, â€Å"surfaces [and] names accept an exceptional ignifigance† (Raby 52). John Worthing alludes to himself as â€Å"Jack† in the nation and â€Å"Ernest† when he goes to the city for no particular reason (Wilde 15). Algernon, Jack’s companion, additionally uncovers that he made a fanciful companion named â€Å"Bunbury† to visit at whatever point he wants to leave the city and later on claims to be Jac k’s fiendish sibling â€Å"Ernest† when he visits his nation domain (Wilde 15). Both of these characters corresponding to Wilde’s individual character†living as a wedded man with a gay twofold life. As a Victorian perfect, â€Å"earnestness† intends to have extraordinary dedication to excellence and obligation, representing truthfulness and earnestness (Raby 51). Wilde rather negates these suggestions and flips around it’s preservationist significance by making the name represent trickery: a mode by which his characters can escape from the problems of their regular day to day existences and duties. Along these lines, Wilde is inferring that carrying on with a regular way of life is predictable and dull. So as to liven things up, one must look for an invented counter-character, like the undercover one Wilde holds with Lord Alfred Douglas. To the blue-bloods, appearance was significant and style substantially more significant than substance. While an individual could have a mystery existence, carry on issue inside a marriage or have youngsters outside of marry lock, society would look the other route as long as the presence of respectability was constantly kept up (Bloom 43). Consequently, Wilde addresses whether the more significant or major issues of the day are disregarded for casual conversation about style and tattle. Gwendolen states, â€Å"In matters of grave significance, style, not genuineness is the essential thing† (Wilde 86). Her mom, Lady Bracknell additionally trusts Algernon is an ideal spouse for similar reasons. â€Å"What more can one desire,† she questions, â€Å"Algernon is an†¦ conspicuously, qualified man. He has nothing, yet he looks everything† (Wilde 95). In a general public where picture is everything, Algernon is unquestionably an ideal surface picture of a spouse. Th

The Stand By Steven King Essays - The Stand, Devil,

The Stand by Steven King Book Review This is a book survey about the book THE STAND by Steven King. I needed to do the audit about The Stand rather than Cujo by Steven King for the explanation that I was unable to get the book from the individual that loaned it to me. The epic is about an infection or a diease that slaughter off all the individuals in the USA, they dont state if the entire planet is dead!! The main survivers are around 100 individuals that live in a little town. These individuals all structure together to attempt to reconstruct the country, But theres one issue. Theres a demon like character with them. He gets this young lady to hear him out, and attempt to execute these eight individuals. Eight individuals were chosen from the gathering of individuals to attempt to murder this villain like individual. The eight individuals need to go to aroung Las Vegas (around there) to slaughter this individual. Theres one individual that is with them, and hes like crassy. At the point when he comes into the image, hes like practically dead. So he dosent care on the off chance that he bites the dust. He goes to a military sight, that obviously, theres nobody there, in light of the fact that thier all dead, and gets a missle. This person goes wi th the eight individuals, and when he goes there, he attempts to execute this fallen angel. Be that as it may, the fiend aperes to have a few forces, and he stells the missle from the person. Thier all in Las Vegas, and this is were I get confounded in the book. Aperently, a major gold hand apperes out of no were, takes the issle, and explodes it on every one of them. They all kick the bucket obviously. The hand, or something says something, and its like a farwell message.

Is a Fear of Politics or Politicophobia Real

Is a Fear of Politics or Politicophobia Real Phobias Types Print Is a Fear of Politics or Politicophobia Real? By Lisa Fritscher Lisa Fritscher is a freelance writer and editor with a deep interest in phobias and other mental health topics. Learn about our editorial policy Lisa Fritscher Updated on May 22, 2019 Hill Street Studios/Blend Images/Getty Images More in Phobias Types Causes Symptoms and Diagnosis Treatment Politicophobia, or the fear of politics, is a catch-all term that encompasses a wide range of individual fears. Some people are afraid of the political process, others of politicians. Some fear going to a polling location and casting a vote, while still others are afraid of the responsibility of choosing elected officials. Because there are so many variations on politicophobia, the fear is extremely individualized. What makes one person afraid might seem entirely harmless to someone else. Heres a look at some examples. Fear of the Political Process Election season is generally filled with mudslinging, pointed advertisements, and hard-fought debates. If you are uncomfortable with conflict, you might be tempted to hide in the house with the television off during the months preceding a major election. Fear of Politicians Like lawyers and used-car salesmen, politicians have a reputation for being slick and untrustworthy. While many people actively dislike politicians, actual fear of them is somewhat more unusual. What is more common, however, is the fear of a specific politician. During election season, it seems that the entire country takes sides. From major corporations to individual religious leaders, politicians seek out endorsements that they feel can help their bid for election. But almost invariably, endorsing one candidate means speaking out against his or her opponents. When that message comes from a trusted source, it is easy to take it to heart. You may begin to fear a politician who is running ahead in the polls and happens to be someone against whom your pastor, closest friend or boss is spreading a message of hatred. Fear of Casting a Vote Polling locations can be intimidating, particularly to those with social phobia, agoraphobia or claustrophobia. Although most districts now have laws preventing campaigning within the polling place, supporters for both sides often line the sidewalks in a last-minute bid to convince voters to choose a specific candidate. It can feel something like walking the gauntlet as campaigners shout slogans and distribute literature. Inside the polling location, you must go through a series of steps from presenting identification to casting your vote. Poll workers are eager to demonstrate sample ballots and ensure that you understand the process. For those who suffer from certain types of social phobia or agoraphobia, this interaction can feel agonizing. Fear of Choosing Elected Officials Although each person holds only one vote, that vote can make a critical difference in the ultimate outcome of the election. If you are unsure where you stand on the issues, unfamiliar with some of the candidates or unclear on how to fill out the ballot, you may be afraid of making the wrong choice. The fear of responsibility is powerful, and some people develop a nearly paralyzing fear of negatively impacting the future. Fear of the Results Some people are unafraid of casting a vote  but are fearful of the direction in which the country is heading. This appears to be especially true when elections happen to fall during a period of war, economic uncertainty or other negativity. Campaign promises, attack ads, and mudslinging heighten the effects, with each side trying desperately to convince voters that bad things will happen if the other side is elected. During presidential elections, the balance of power is frequently mentioned. Legislation must pass through the House and the Senate before being signed by the president. Controlling two or even all three branches of government makes it easier for a political party to pass its agenda, so naturally, both major parties want to gain as much control as possible. But this fight for control makes it easy for those who support the losing side to develop strong fears of what the future will hold. Self-Help Strategies It would be virtually impossible to escape the election season altogether. Major elections, particularly the presidential race, are woven into the fabric of our society. Election talk is everywhere, from the water cooler in the office to the 24-hour news networks.   If politicophobia is interfering with your everyday life, you may want to talk to a therapist. With a bit of practice, its possible to mitigate the effects. Try these simple tricks when you feel overwhelmed by the fear of politics. Know when to walk away from a political discussion.Monitor the early caucuses and then turn off the television.Take a walk or go for a bike ride.Call a friend who is not politically minded and head out to dinner. And remember: Its okay to listen to debate now and then. Staying informed is healthy, but allowing yourself to slide into an obsession is not.

Is a Fear of Politics or Politicophobia Real

Is a Fear of Politics or Politicophobia Real Phobias Types Print Is a Fear of Politics or Politicophobia Real? By Lisa Fritscher Lisa Fritscher is a freelance writer and editor with a deep interest in phobias and other mental health topics. Learn about our editorial policy Lisa Fritscher Updated on May 22, 2019 Hill Street Studios/Blend Images/Getty Images More in Phobias Types Causes Symptoms and Diagnosis Treatment Politicophobia, or the fear of politics, is a catch-all term that encompasses a wide range of individual fears. Some people are afraid of the political process, others of politicians. Some fear going to a polling location and casting a vote, while still others are afraid of the responsibility of choosing elected officials. Because there are so many variations on politicophobia, the fear is extremely individualized. What makes one person afraid might seem entirely harmless to someone else. Heres a look at some examples. Fear of the Political Process Election season is generally filled with mudslinging, pointed advertisements, and hard-fought debates. If you are uncomfortable with conflict, you might be tempted to hide in the house with the television off during the months preceding a major election. Fear of Politicians Like lawyers and used-car salesmen, politicians have a reputation for being slick and untrustworthy. While many people actively dislike politicians, actual fear of them is somewhat more unusual. What is more common, however, is the fear of a specific politician. During election season, it seems that the entire country takes sides. From major corporations to individual religious leaders, politicians seek out endorsements that they feel can help their bid for election. But almost invariably, endorsing one candidate means speaking out against his or her opponents. When that message comes from a trusted source, it is easy to take it to heart. You may begin to fear a politician who is running ahead in the polls and happens to be someone against whom your pastor, closest friend or boss is spreading a message of hatred. Fear of Casting a Vote Polling locations can be intimidating, particularly to those with social phobia, agoraphobia or claustrophobia. Although most districts now have laws preventing campaigning within the polling place, supporters for both sides often line the sidewalks in a last-minute bid to convince voters to choose a specific candidate. It can feel something like walking the gauntlet as campaigners shout slogans and distribute literature. Inside the polling location, you must go through a series of steps from presenting identification to casting your vote. Poll workers are eager to demonstrate sample ballots and ensure that you understand the process. For those who suffer from certain types of social phobia or agoraphobia, this interaction can feel agonizing. Fear of Choosing Elected Officials Although each person holds only one vote, that vote can make a critical difference in the ultimate outcome of the election. If you are unsure where you stand on the issues, unfamiliar with some of the candidates or unclear on how to fill out the ballot, you may be afraid of making the wrong choice. The fear of responsibility is powerful, and some people develop a nearly paralyzing fear of negatively impacting the future. Fear of the Results Some people are unafraid of casting a vote  but are fearful of the direction in which the country is heading. This appears to be especially true when elections happen to fall during a period of war, economic uncertainty or other negativity. Campaign promises, attack ads, and mudslinging heighten the effects, with each side trying desperately to convince voters that bad things will happen if the other side is elected. During presidential elections, the balance of power is frequently mentioned. Legislation must pass through the House and the Senate before being signed by the president. Controlling two or even all three branches of government makes it easier for a political party to pass its agenda, so naturally, both major parties want to gain as much control as possible. But this fight for control makes it easy for those who support the losing side to develop strong fears of what the future will hold. Self-Help Strategies It would be virtually impossible to escape the election season altogether. Major elections, particularly the presidential race, are woven into the fabric of our society. Election talk is everywhere, from the water cooler in the office to the 24-hour news networks.   If politicophobia is interfering with your everyday life, you may want to talk to a therapist. With a bit of practice, its possible to mitigate the effects. Try these simple tricks when you feel overwhelmed by the fear of politics. Know when to walk away from a political discussion.Monitor the early caucuses and then turn off the television.Take a walk or go for a bike ride.Call a friend who is not politically minded and head out to dinner. And remember: Its okay to listen to debate now and then. Staying informed is healthy, but allowing yourself to slide into an obsession is not.

Understanding Informal Speak Gonna and Wanna

Wanna and gonna are two examples of informal spoken American English. Wanna means want to, and gonna means going to. Youll hear these phrases in movies, pop music and other forms of entertainment, although you are less likely to hear them in more formal shows, like the news. These two expressions are not generally used in written English but in spoken English. Wanna and gonna are examples of reductions. Reductions are short, commonly used phrases that are spoken quickly. These reductions tend to be used for function words such as auxiliary verbs. It is important to remember that there are  differences in American English and British English pronunciation. British English also has its own exceptions in pronunciation.   There are different views on whether students should use this type of pronunciation. In my opinion, students who live in North America should at least be familiar with these forms as they will hear them every day. If students decide to use this pronunciation, they should remember that it is appropriate only for informal spoken English and should not be used (except for texting, perhaps) in written English. Reductions in Questions The most common reductions are found at the beginning of questions. Heres a list of important reductions with the pronunciation written out to help you learn to recognize them in everyday American English. To begin with, listen to this reduction pronunciation sound file of the most common questions. Are you ...? aryaCan you ...? kinyaCould you ...? kudjaWould you ...? wudjaDid you ...? didjaDo you ...? dojaDont you ...? donchaWill you ...? wiljaDo you want to ...? doyawannaAre you going to ...? aryagonnaDo you have to ...? dijahafta Focus on the Main Verb If you choose to use reductions, it is important to focus on the main verb in the question to correctly pronounce using reductions. In other words, we quickly speak over the reduced forms (are you, could you, etc.) and stress the main verb. Listen to these example reduced questions to hear how the main verb is stressed. Are you ...? arya Are you enjoying yourself?Are you going to help me tonight? Can you ...? kinya Can you say that again?Can you understand me? Could you ...? kudja Could you help me?Could you visit next month? Would you ...? wudja Would you like to have dinner?Would you answer my question? Did you ...? didja Did you see him?Did you buy it? Do you ...? dija Do you play tennis?Do you eat fish? Dont you ...? doncha Dont you love it?Dont you understand? Will you ...? wilja Will you come with me?Will you finish tonight? Do you want to ...? diyawanna Do you want to have fun?Do you want to eat out? Are you going to ...? aryagonna Are you going to leave?Are you going to have lunch? Do you have to ...? dijahafta Do you have to stay?Do you have to work today? Gotta and Wanna Two of the most common reductions are gotta and wanna. Gotta is the reduction of got to. Its rather strange because its use means have to. In other words, in informal American English I got to get up early means I have to get up early. This is then further reduced to I gotta get up early. Wanna means want to and is used to indicate the desire to do something. For example, I wanna go home. means I want to go home. A synonymous expression is also I would like to go home. However, this form is much more formal.

karl marx-theory of social change - 1102 Words

theory of social change Marx s focus on the process of social change is so central to this thinking that it informs all his writings. The motor force of history for Marx is not to be found in any extra-human agency, be it providence or the objective spirit. Marx insisted that men make their own history. Human history is the process through which men change themselves even as they pit themselves against nature to dominate it. In the course of their history men increasingly transform nature to make it better serve their own purposes. And, in the process of transforming nature, they transform themselves. In contrast to all animals who can only passively adjust to nature s requirements by finding a niche in the ecological order†¦show more content†¦His writings on the regime of Napoleon III illustrate in masterful fashion a historical situation in which the forces of the old class order and of the new are so nearly balanced that neither is able to prevail, thus giving rise to a Bonapartist stalemate. Moreover, though throughout his life Marx held fast to the belief that the future belongs to the working class, which will lead the way to the emergence of a classless society, he was nevertheless willing to consider the possibility that the working class may not be equal to its historical task so that mankind would degenerate into a new kind of barbarism. Marx conceived of four major successive modes of production in the history of mankind after the initial stage of primitive communism: the Asiatic, the ancient, the feudal, and the modern bourgeois form. Each of these came into existence through contradictions and antagonisms that had developed in the previous order. No social order ever disappears before all the productive forces for which there is room in it have been developed; and new higher relations of production never appear before the material conditions of their existence have matured in the womb of the old society. Class antagonisms specific to each particular mode of productionShow MoreRelatedKarl Marx: Conflict Theory Essay878 Words   |  4 PagesKarl Marx: Conflict Theory The most influential socialist thinker from the 19th century is Karl Marx. Karl Marx can be considered a great philosopher, social scientist, historian or revolutionary. Marx proposed what is known as the conflict theory. The conflict theory looks at how certain social interactions occur through conflict. People engage in conflict everyday to gain more power then others in society. 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Saint Cosmas of Aetolia was a Great Missionary from the...

Saint Cosmas of Aetolia is considered one of the great missionaries of the Orthodox Church. Much like Saint Paul, he traveled a great distance to proclaim the Gospel. He established schools and reinvigorated the Orthodox faithful of Greece who had endured several centuries of Ottoman occupation. Costa was his given name and he was born in 1714 in the village of Mega Dendron in the mountainous region of Aetolia. ? At age 20, he worked as a grammar teacher under the guidance of Archdeacon Ananias Dervisanos. Young Costa lived much like a monk in the world and after a number of years he was drawn to Mouth Athos. He first studied theology at the Athonias Academy near Vatopedi Monastery. # years later he joined the brotherhood at Philotheou Monastery and was tonsured a monk, given the name Cosmas, and was later ordained a priest. He later described Philotheou as the place where he wept over his sins. Cosmas was a zealous ascetic and lived a life of prayer and stillness. He was greatly enriched through the study of scripture and the church fathers. He spoke often about the necessity of scripture: â€Å"The existence of many churches neither preserves nor strengthens our faith to the proper extent and in the proper manner, if those who believe in God are not enlightened by the Old and the New Testament.† After seventeen years at Philotheou, Cosmas felt called to follow the path of Apostolic preaching. He sympathized with the plight of the Christians under Ottoman

Managing People free essay sample

In this assignment, firstly we are going to discuss the concept of classical school of management, Motivation Theory and Theory of Empowerment. Secondly, we will be interpreting the relevance of Semco with the above given management issues. Finally, there will be a critical evaluation in context of a company with the same philosophy of Semco. All issues will be supported with the relevant references. To study about Managing people has a very critical role, as it tells regarding the modern problems faced by managers in managing people, organization and involving change theoretically and practically. It also involves the better understanding of relations between the manager and employees; moreover it also details the complexities of human behaviour which is very important in terms of managing diversity and to get better organisational performance and effectiveness (Mullins L. J, 2007). Mullins L. J, 2007 also adds that the shifting nature of modern organizations has significantly increased the need of new management philosophy, where level of trust and teamwork is promoted and employees are seen as a responsible resource. This new concept also focuses on continuous learning and personal career development. However, despite the emergence of new moral contract Furnham and Taylor (Mullins L. J, 2007) has stated that majority of the employees are patently violated by their employers. That is why; there is a serious need to learn from the successful models of managing people of the companies like Semco and Best Buy to be able to understand the underlying theory and practical applicability, which will make us better managers in future: 1. EVALUATION OF SEMCO’S RELIANCE ON THE CLASSICAL SCHOOL OF MANAGEMENT: The classical school of Management: To find out the â€Å"one best way† to perform and manage tasks the classical management theory developed. The classical scientific branch arose because of the need to improve efficiency and increase productivity . The classical scientific school owes its roots to several major contributors, including Frederick Taylor, Henry Gantt, and Frank and Lillian Gilbreth. The theorists of Classical management thought there was one way to solve problems of management in the industrial organization. Generally, their theories assumed that people could make rational and logical decisions while trying to maximize personal gains from their work situations. The classical school of management is based on scientific management which has its roots in Henri Fayols work in France and the ideas of German sociologist Max Weber. Henri Fayol is known as the father of modern management. He developed 14 principles of management based on his management experiences. These principles provide modern-day managers with general guidelines on how a supervisor should organize his/her department and manage his/her staff. Although later research has created controversy over many of the following principles, these principles are still widely used in management theories. (Lucey. T, 1991) About Semco: Ricardo Semler is the CEO of Semco, a Brazilian company. When he started, SEMCO was a traditionally structured and struggling industrial pump manufacturer. Young Semler proceeded to fire most of the top managers in an effort to perform emergency surgery on the foundering company. As Semco grew, Semler gradually made innovations, such as doing away with dress codes, introducing flex time, and encouraging employees to take more ownership of their work. These are all areas that many companies have experimented with over the last fifteen years. In Semco the system is transformed into a self regulating system in which only the stuff important to the future of the business (as opposed to future of an individual bent on covering his/her tracks) was retained. Everyone takes on a responsibility for determining what gets stored and what gets thrown away (Mann, 2003). Evaluation of Semco’s Reliance: According to Fayol’s principle about Remuneration of personnel, salaries should be fair and provide satisfaction both to the employee and employer in an organisation. Salaries should be accordingly the position and experience of the employee, but in SEMCO the employee decide among themselves what their salary will be. Some people with particularly valuable skills make higher salaries than their bosses without having to be in the management track. Fayol’s principle on authority explained that authority and responsibilities are directly proportional of each other. Authority creates responsibilities. The more responsibility one has, the more in authority one is. As one goes down the organisation, authority reduces and so does responsibility. But in the case of Semco Most of the important corporate decisions are made by employees. Supervisory people are interviewed and evaluated by their future subordinates, when they are hired. There is a complete openness of information. Company provide special classes to employees on financial analysis to make them understand the financial condition of the company and share the financial data with the workers. (Robbins, et al. 2000) explains that â€Å"Centralisation refers to the degree to which subordinates are involved in decision making. Whether decision making is centralised (to management) or decentralised (to subordinates) is a question of proper proportion. The task is to find the optimum degree of centralisation for each situation†. There is no any traditional organizational hierarchy in Semco for decision making and control. Every employee has fully freedom to involve themselves in every decision the company deals with, such as the purchase of plant site , location for plant , type of uniform they like to wear, lunch committee to choose the food available at the cafeteria even they are free to set their own working hours and schedules. In organisation, equity is a combination of kindliness and justice. Both equity and equality of treatment should be considered when dealing with employees. Semler states that, â€Å"Semco is not one of those companies that believe anyone is irreplaceable; everyone should take their 30 days of vacation every year. It is vital for your health and the company’s welfare. No excuse is good enough for accumulating vacation days for â€Å"later† (Semler, 1993). In SEMCO not only every employee has freedom offered but also power. Semco Company is not a dictatorship, it is a co operates democracy where positions are forgotten and unions are welcome with mutual understanding, respect and dialogue. In this company surveys are made regularly. It is a place where an employee has power to dismiss their boss or force their hire. 2. EVALUATION OF MOTIVATION THEORIES AND THEIR RELEVANCE TO SEMCO : Mayo’s Theory of Motivation: Elton Mayo (1880 – 1949) ignored the theory of Taylor and believed that employees are not just anxious with money but could be better motivated by having their social needs met during work. He introduced the Human Relation School of thought, which determined on managers taking particular interest in the employees, treating them equally and considering their views and ideas and realise that employees enjoy interact together (www. tutor2u. com). He conducted a series of experiments at the Hawthorne factory of the Western Electric Company in Chicago. From the experiment Mayo concluded that workers can be best motivated by: a. Better communication between the managers and the employees. b. Greater manager involvement in employees working lives By working in groups or Teams Thus actually businesses should re-organise production to encourage greater use of team working and introduce personnel departments to encourage greater manager involvement in looking after employees’ interests. His theory most closely fits in with a paternalistic style of management. (www. wikipedia. org) Hertzberg Theory of Motivation: Frederick Hertzberg (1923) believed in a two-factor theory of motivation. According to him, if a business could introduce certain factors which directly motivate the employees to work harder for the organisation (Motivators). However certain factors could de-motivate an employee if not present but would not in themselves actually motivate employees to work harder (Hygiene Factors). (www. businessball. com) Motivators a. Concerned with the actual job itself. b. Giving responsibility, recognition for good work, sense of achievement, opportunities for promotion Hygiene factors a. Pay, working conditions, job security b. Motivate by using motivators plus ensuring hygiene factors are met. c. Employees could be motivated by approaching a democratic style of management. (www. tutor2u. om) Factors which ‘surround the job’. As for example an employee will work only if the company provides him sufficient amount of pay and safe working conditions. But this will not make to work more or extra for its company. Motivational Theories That Relavance To Semco: SEMCO has no particular boss that could make decisions on their own and that followed to the employees. According to me, he followed the Mayo theory of Motivation. As told by Mayo, In SEMCO money is not the main factor but the employees are better motivated by their social needs to be met. In SEMCO there was no control on travel expenses and inventory goods or other needs of employees. He gave Freedom to his Employees. The offices had no walls so that better communication could be achieved between the employees and managers as per suggested in the Mayo’s theory of motivation. All the information of the company was made available to each and everyone and all memos must be kept on one page without exception. The motivation provided to the employees in Semco was also relevant to the Hertzberg theory of motivation. According to me, it followed the Democratic Style of Management (Hertzberg Motivational theory). In Semco, the managers had trust on their employees and employees were encouraged to make decisions on their own. In Semco major decisions were need to be taken by democratic vote, while other decisions were taken up the employees. The executive team is of six counsellors and form as chairperson every six months. The members of the Semco decide among themselves what their pay would be. As per the part of company each employee shares the wide profit sharing program which pays 23% of business unit’s profits per quarter to the employees. Actually the payout ratio of 23% was decided by the employees (Empowerment). All the employees were given appropriate training so they work efficiently on the given task. Everyone was trained to read financial statements of the company and their business unit. They were given responsibility to handle the financial matters (Motivators Hertzberg theory of motivation) Members of Nucleus of Technology Innovation also receive Recognition and Praise on achievements of their projects (Factors of motivators). The managers of Semco have adopted some of the methods like job enlargement. The employees of company were given different types of tasks to perform which were challenging and make the work more interesting. There was an involvement of methods like Job Enrichment and Job enlargement as suggested by Hertzberg. The employees are focused on different tasks such as some kind of business Improvement project, launch of new product, a cost reduction program or formation of new business plan. According to me, the company did not follow the Taylor theory of motivation. As per suggested by Taylor the employees did not like to work and there is need of close supervision. SEMCO was against this theory and the employees were enjoying the work within itself. No close supervision was needed. 3. CONCEPT OF EMPOWERMENT AND ITS RELEVANCE TO SEMCO Empowerment is one of the complicated factors in the process of building an organization. Empowerment is explained the process of allowing employees freedom, self-control over their work with responsibility for decision making. Empowerment can be defined as the process, by which we can increase the capability of an individual employee or a group to make their own idea which will lead to increased profitability in an organization. True empowerment there is a need for a new theory of management – theory E-which that manager are more effective as facilitators than as leaders, and that they must devolve power, not just responsibility, to individuals as well as groups (Stewart). Empower people is a real part of leadership as opposed to management, empowerment can actually set people free to do the jobs they are capable of (Morris, will cocks and knasel) however that true empowerment in much more than conventional delegation. It makes an opportunity to their skills and knowledge to take complicated decisions in order to organizational objectives. Empowerment makes the employee to come out of their hidden intelligence and skills with allowing applying. (Rappoport, 1984) has noted that it is easy to define empowerment by its absence but difficult in action as it takes on different forms in different people and contexts. Even defining the concept is subject to debate. Employee empowerment is a major and significant strategy for seeking a change in the organizations to make more competitive organizations. Importance of empowerment: a. Creativity and productivity. b. Greeter motivation. c. Team work and participation. Impact of Empowerment Concept on Semco: According to (Bowen and Lawler, 1992) focused on empowering management practices including delegation of decision making from higher to lower organizational levels, increasing access to information and resources from higher to lower levels. As follows in Semco main decisions affecting the whole organization and it has no conventional organizational chain of command for decision making and control. While other decisions are taken consensually by all employees involved. Empowerment also implies the freedom and ability to make decision and commitment; it is all about power, enhancing and trust. Crucial to the success of empowerment is a high level of trust. Semco also believe this philosophy because in Semco there are no internal audit groups, storerooms stay unlocked, all memos kept to one page without exemption but all information is made available to everyone. Semco got success without having a CEO. Semco’s management is made up of four concentric circles. Here it shows the delegations of responsibility and decentralization. According to Buchanan and Huczynski, Empowerment is considered as the current term for decentralization. As stated by Lashley there are four managerial initiatives and meanings which state to be empowering. Semco’s managerial formation has also followed these initiatives: a. Empowerment through participation. b. Empowerment through involvement. c. Empowerment through commitment. d. Empowerment through delivering. In Semco there are Nucleuses of technology innovation which are â€Å"no boss† temporary project teams. They just focus on some kind of business improvement project. As for strategy, Semco has no planning and vision. They believe on opportunities which identified by employees close to the market. It means potting employee indirect contact with either internal or external. So they can receive direct feedback. According to (Peiperi) Empowerment says that employees at all levels of an organization are responsible for their own actions and should be given authority to make decisions about their work. Its popularity has been driven by the need to respond quickly to customer needs, to develop cross- functional links to take advantage of opportunities. Empowerment is independence where one can personally takes any important decisions without the higher level’s consent. This would play an affirmative motivation, increases performances and profession fulfilment and more significantly lowers the non-attendance (Hack man and Oldham, 1976). It is highly supported Semco’s success parameter. An important work context variable important for empowerment is a reward-incentive system. Individual performance based rewards are found to be important for empowerment. The members of Semco are participating in salary survey and every member is part of the company – wide profit sharing program and member of nucleuses of technology innovation get royalties on the achievements of their project. Semco gives award as money and time to employees for their achievement thus it bring them to fulfilment. Like any difficulties of implementation, in Semco there may be some conflict among the employee or through the entire organization. Semco has a high level of faith and expectation among their employee. That may be creating some abuse of power by the employees and may create question of loyalty. In Semco there has no unity of command for decision making and control which may lead to huge gaps in communication. Moreover all employees cannot be committed with all decision or with company’s philosophy. Though it has some complexity but Semco pumping company is a perfect empowered company who follows the concept of empowerment appropriately which may play a significant strategy of their success. 4. CRITICAL EVALUATION OF BEST BUY CO. IN TERMS OF ITS SUCCESS/ FAILURE: Best Buy Co. , Inc is a multinational retailer of electronics in the USA, Canada, Europe, Mexico, Turkey and China, which accounts for 19% of the market with a commitment to growth and innovation (http://en. wikipedia. org). The brand of entertainment products with other partnerships collectively generated more than $49 billion in annual revenue (www. by. com). Best Buy employees at the corporate level, are under a human resource management strategy of ROWE (Results-Only Work Environment), which was originally piloted at Best Buy and co-created by Jody Thompson and Cali Ressler. To understand Results Only Work Environment, in the ROWE practice each employee is free to decide where and when they want to work as long as t he work gets done. The employees are paid for output (result) rather than working hours. Employees control their own calendars and are not required to be in the office if they can complete their tasks elsewhere (http://en. ikipedia. org). Best Buy has got ROWE, which is an experiment which aims to reform the corporate workplace and achieve incomparable degree of work and life balance. Best Buy’s employee relations manager Steve Hence explains the situation that at Best Buy no one really knows where he is, nor do the employees really care. He also adds that previously he had to plan his life around the work but now he schedules his work around his life and is free to decide his schedule to work in terms of place like it may the office desk or a table in a coffee shop (http://www. workforce. com). Best Buy started ROWE in 2002, when 60% of the employees at headquarters campus have changed to the new way of working. According to Cali Ressler and Jody Thomson, (who now run Culture Rx, a consulting firm which manages the process of ROWE) ROWE has had a significant impact. Employees who convert to ROWE report in surveys that they feel more loyal, focused and energized about their work moreover they have better relationships with their family and friends. Moreover, more importantly from a business point of view they have also stated that when workers switch to ROWE, their productivity jumps by 35 percent (http://www. orkforce. com). There are some obvious pros and cons in ROWE practice. To discuss the positives it gives high employee satisfaction as there are no set working hours and emphasis is on bottom line results. On the other Hand, it can be destructive for individuals who do not have the discipline to hold themselves accountable for what they should work on and for some jobs (overhead, administration) output measurement can be harder (http://www. ted. com) Outcomes not Appearances: To discuss, it may be a good idea to experiment non traditional work arrangements by rewiring of peoples brain and getting rid of an old system which is from 1950’s, which is no longer relevant to the advanced technology world (Mullins, 2002). Moreover, it offers flexibility with accountability where employees can start at a different time and can work outside the office, but ultimately they are judged on results only. That is why basically they are keeping to a schedule. This will make people to start thinking of something you do and stop of thinking of work as a workplace you go to five days a week. To discuss the applicability of ROWE, it is most suitable for some branches or jobs like graphic designers or writers etc, where the person is not evaluated on the basis of capacity to deliver but to deliver something unique on daily basis. That is why it is required that the person is free to think and explore solutions which require another type of environment. On the other hand, It would be difficult to apply the philosophy of Semco Best Buy to the task oriented jobs, where flexible work arrangements may turn out to be a con game. To, summarize, we need to recognize some personalities in our business who need different environment to excel and also our business practices where we may need to apply to our supervisors in terms of task oriented jobs. CONCLUSION: To summarize, in this assignment we have discussed the theories in terms of different managerial issues and critically evaluated their relevance to Semco. In the fourth section we have analysed the Best Buy, which follows the same theory of managing people as Semco. The CEO of Best Buy believes that the successful management requires a commitment to develop and facilitate the expression of employee capabilities. The same applies to Semco, where â€Å"trust† and â€Å"delegation† are in to practice. The only real rules at both companies are huge peer pressure and self- discipline. These companies believe that employees bring their talents and to utilise the company to develop themselves in a way they see suitable, and in return they expect them to be self disciplined to perform. In my opinion, this is the basic concept of the ROWE, where people are treated as an adult which is basically a demand of modern era where flexibility as a part time work has been significantly increased and shown its significance as well. On the other hand, there is an argument related to diversity as this model can only work with the people who are passionate and dedicated. It may be difficult to practice this model with the harder headed people. To explain, there may be some people who can adopt the changes very well and some who only feel relaxed and comfortable with what they have been doing and do not want to change, like traditionalists. In brief, the manager has to deal with diversity always and where the real challenge is, and the only thing which is important is the work itself. That is why before deciding to adopt any model a manager needs to analyse its business practices and capabilities of people in context of the requirement.

Accounting Ethics Essays - Imperfect Competition, Marketing

Accounting Ethics When examining the effect of open marketing on the profession of accounting it is important to view it from three perspectives: the client's, the profession's, and society's. Additionally, two key areas that are affected by marketing must be addressed, these are concerning competition, and ethical implications. Marketing in public accounting is here to stay therefore making an argument against its existence would be fruitless; however, in order to achieve maximum benefit to the firm, the client, and society more stringent guidelines must be implemented at the firm level. The first, and most obvious, of the effected areas is competition. Within competition several points are discussed. First, the implications advertising has on public accounting-- the model of perfect competition versus the model of monopolistic competition. Secondly, the relationship between firm size and advertising expenditures. Thirdly, the effect of advertising on firm specialization, the implications of client turnover on public accounting practice. Before making the comparison, a brief explanation why the two models are chosen is in order. Monopolistic competition has been chosen for the pre-advertising era because it most closely resembles the market structure in an extreme sense. The elements of monopolistic competition are as follows: product differentiation, the presence of large numbers of sellers, and nonprice competition. Although accounting services between firms offer very little service differentiation, the absence of advertising serves as a replacement because clients are not necessarily aware that other options are easily attainable. The post-advertising era is explained through the model of perfect competition for which the qualifications are as follows: very little or no service differentation, many sellers, and price as the only means of distinguishing one firms service from anothers. In a perfectly competitive market the price of a particular service is established solely by the interaction of market demand and supply. (Thompson p.277) When market demand for accounting services increases the resulting demand shifts right causing prices to increase returning the market back to equilibrium. However when supply increases, such is the theoretical effect of adding advertisement to public accounting practice, the supply curve shifts right causing prices to fall. The model of monopolistic competition is also price sensitive, however only at the firm level. For example, the CPA firm of XYZ has an established clientele base and uses referrals as its sole means of growth. They increase prices only as their cost of providing the service increases and therefore are able to maintain their client base. In this example a gently downsloping demand curve exists (Thompson p.304) causing only drastic changes in pricing to send their client base shopping for a new firm. The result is XYZ can continue to grow by practicing fair pricing and providing a reputable service. Cut rate pricing only marginally effects their client base because there is little means to make their pricing publicly known, and only drastic, unwarranted increases sends clients packing. Conversely, in the post-advertising era, XYZ must always be aware of market pricing because the demand curve is steeper and more volatile. Therefore the client base of XYZ is not stable as in the previous example and measures must be taken to keep prices competitive with other firms regardless of cost inferences. The result is the necessity of a more aggressive policy regarding new client recruiting and a higher turnover of existing clients. Now that the differences are established, the resulting issues in public accounting can be discussed. The first area deserving discussion is the relationship between firm size and advertising expenditures. A study made of CPA firms in Britain in 1985 asserted "the most dramatic contrast between advertisers and non-advertisers was their size." (O'Donohoe p.122) The obvious reason for this anomaly is availability of resources. Larger firms have, at their disposal, a much larger profit level; therefore advertising expense is easily included only marginally affecting bottom line. This implies larger firms to have gained a great deal more from inclusion of advertising than small firms. Consequently, small firms could be pushed out of the picture entirely in the area of audit services. Why? In the area of audit services, small firms have little to offer to differentiate themselves from their larger counterparts who can now freely move in and perform the service

Anatomy Physiology Essay Example

Anatomy Physiology Essay Example Anatomy Physiology Paper Anatomy Physiology Paper 1. The maintenance of normal volume and composition of extracellular and intracellular fluids is vital to life. List and briefly describe the kinds of homeostasis involved. In males and females, intracellular fluid has a greater proportion of total body water than does extracellular fluid. Give-and-take between the ICF and the ECF happens across plasma membranes by osmosis, diffusion, and carrier-mediated transport. The kinds of homeostasis involved are fluid Balance, electrolyte Balance, and Acid–Base Balance. Fluid balance is when the quantity of water we gain each day is equivalent to the amount we lose to the environment. The upkeep of normal fluid balance includes regulating the content and sharing of body water in the ECF and the ICF. The digestive system is the main source of water gains; a small amount of extra water is generated by metabolic activity. With electrolyte balance, it involves balancing the amounts of absorption across the digestive tract with amounts of loss at the kidneys. Everyday our body fluids gain electrolytes from drinks or foods we take in, and in turn, loose them through urinating, sweating and defecating. â€Å"If the gains and losses for every electrolyte are in balance, you are said to be in electrolyte balance.† We are in acid–base balance when the making of hydrogen ions in our body is exactly offset by their loss. When acid–base balance occurs, the pH of body fluids stays within normal limits. Stopping a reduction in pH is the main problem, because our body produces a variety of acids during normal metabolic tasks. 2. Why does maintaining fluid balance in older people require a higher water intake than in a normal, healthy adult under age 40? Water encompasses 55% in elderly people and is vital for cellular homeostasis and life. With respect to heat stress, water lost through perspiring decreases water content of plasma, and the elderly are less capable to compensate for amplified blood viscosity. Not only do they require a physiological hypodipsia, but this can be exaggerated by central nervous system disease and by dementia. Together with less fluid intake, with advancing age there is a decrease in total body water. The elderly have impaired renal fluid conservation mechanisms and have impaired responses to heat and cold stress. All of these factors add to an increased risk of hypohydration and dehydration in the elderly. 3. Why does potassium concentration rise in patients with acidosis? What is this called? What effects does it have? Sweat is a hypotonic solution that has Na+ in lower concentration than the ECF. As a consequence, a person who is sweating copiously loses more water than salt, and this loss leads to a increase in the Na+ concentration of the ECF. The water content of the ECF declines as the water loss happens, so blood volume falls. Clinically, this condition is often called volume depletion. Because volume depletion happens simultaneously that blood is being shunted away from the kidneys, kidney function is damaged and waste products collect in the blood. 4. Saline solution is used to reverse hypotonic hydration. Are body cell membranes permeable to saline? Explain your response. Body cell membranes are permeable to saline. The permeability of membranes is controlled by the mass of the pores or holes. The size of the pores can be altered in reaction to pressure and hormones. Some membranes selectively permit channel of certain ions or molecules and dismiss all others. 5. Explain the renin-angiotensin mechanism. Constant abnormalities in the Na+ concentration in the ECF happen only when there are severe complications with fluid balance, such as dehydration or overhydration. When the body’s water content increases enough to lessen the Na+ concentration of the ECF below 136 mEq/L, a state of hyponatremia (natrium, sodium) occurs. When body water content drops, the Na+ concentration increases; when that concentration surpasses 145 mEq/L, hypernatremia exists. Renin is an enzyme secreted into the blood from specified cells that surround the arterioles at the entry to the glomeruli of the kidneys (the renal capillary networks that are the filtration units of the kidney). The renin-secreting cells, which comprise the juxtaglomerular apparatus, are delicate to changes in blood flow and blood pressure. The main stimulus for increased renin secretion is diminished blood flow to the kidneys, which may be triggered by loss of sodium and water (as a result of diarrhea, persistent vomiting, or extreme perspiration) or by thinning of a renal artery. 6. Explain how ADH compensates for blood that contains too many solutes. Osmoreceptors in the hypothalamus respond to alterations in blood composition, such as less water and too many solutes. The posterior pituitary is notified to release antidiuretic hormone (ADH) which journeys through the blood to its target organ, the kidney. In the kidney, the collecting ducts answer back to ADH by reabsorbing more water. When this happens, more water comes back to the blood, while lesser amounts of concentrated urine are made. ADH is released and additional water is reabsorbed from the filtrate until blood solute concentration comes back to normal.

Gay marriage Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Gay marriage - Essay Example Here the bodies and souls must be of a girl and a boy, and not of two boys or two girls. In gay marriage, often the interests of the persons involved are considered and the greater interest of the society and religions are overlooked. For, gay marriages cannot fulfill the ultimate aim of marriage- to give birth to new generations. The governments are now-a-day issuing license to same sex marriage couples as the first step of approving their relation. Moreover, in 2006 the New Jersey Supreme Court ordered to allow the same sex married couples civil unions, ensuring state level spousal rights that the couples of opposite sex would enjoy under the same legislation. In May 2008, the California Supreme Court made a ruling that same sex couples have the right to marry. But, proposition 8 was passed banning gay marriage in California in November of the same year. Early in October 2008, the Connecticut Supreme Court made a verdict that ban on same gay marriage is a violation of the equal protection clause under the state constitution and it became the second state to give legitimacy to it. In April 2009 Iowa Supreme Court accepted it followed by Vermont, New Hampshire and Maine bringing number of states to approve gay marriage into six. The ruling of the federal district judge in California made it clear that the pro position 8 apparently violated some of the provisions of equal protection of the US constitution. Recently in June of this year the New York assembly passed legislation in favor of same sex marriage. (â€Å"Same sex..†). One of the vicious effects of gay marriage would be that it can lead us to polygamy and â€Å"polyamory† where a person will have more than one spouse or physical relation with many at a time (Kurtz). If gay sex is legalized the polygamists and cohabiting relatives and friend as well suit for their recognition. Such an incident will question the legacy of the institution of marriage and a

Analyze and discuss Charles V war with the Ottoman Empire Essay

Analyze and discuss Charles V war with the Ottoman Empire - Essay Example As Goffman puts it, Selim had ‘exposed the Ottomans, more directly than ever, to powerful empires’ (99). Overland to the east, Suleiman was confronted with the Persian Safavids on his frontiers in Mesopotamia and Anatolia; in the Red Sea and the Indian Ocean, he dispatched fleets against the ships of Catholic Portugal, busily building a commercial empire on the coasts of the Africa, the Arabian Gulf and India. Mehmed II, the conqueror of Constantinople, had only really faced a much enfeebled Byzantium, a shrunken state which showed little sign of its former glory. Selim himself had gone to war with major neighbors, but in toppling the Mamluks in Egypt, he was destroying a dynasty who were already unstable in power. However, Suleiman, in confronting Charles V in the West, faced an empire which ‘included almost all of Catholic Europe’ (Goffman, 99). The scale of the ensuing struggle, and the near-constant state of warfare in some arena or another, is thus litt le to be wondered at. It is worth examining the symbolic level of the conflict between the Habsburgs and the Ottomans, given that the struggle was in many ways one for the succession to the Roman emperors. For Imber, ‘rivalry between Suleyman I and Charles V was a dominant theme of the mid-sixteenth century’ (113). Ever since Mehmed II had taken Constantinople from the last of the Byzantine emperors in 1453, the Ottomans had been able to brand themselves as the legitimate successors to Rome. However, it was only in the reign of Suleiman I that much emphasis was put on this notion. During one of the military campaigns in Eastern Europe in the 1530s, Suleiman wore a crown which he had commissioned from Venetian artisans, and which employed elements of the official regalia of both Charles V and Pope Clement VII, the latter being, significantly, the pontiff who had crowned Charles as Holy Roman Emperor. Goffman considers that ‘no Western observer could have missed the Ottoman sultan’s challenge to the emperor’s universalist claims in this choice of headgear’ (107). At the same time, Charles was busy reasserting his own imperial credentials in the West. In 1530, he travelled to Bologna where the Pope invested him with the crown of a renewed Holy Roman Empire, thus recalling the occasion on Christmas Day 1800, when Charlemagne became the first Holy Roman Emperor to receive a crown from the Pope. Finkel suggests that for Charles, this occasion was not merely symbolic, but that he saw his enthronement as ‘reinforcing his moral authority to press forward with the consolidation of Spanish power’ (126), and thus seek military confrontation with the Islamic Ottoman Turks. Suleiman, also, made use of religious titles in an attempt to strengthen his position. Having become the guardian of Islam’s most holy cities – Mecca, Medina and Jerusalem – he commonly used the title ‘Caliph’, which I mber pertinently describes as ‘an Islamic counterweight to Charles V’s Christian title of Holy Roman Emperor’ (114). A deeply significant moment in this rivalry, especially as far as Suleiman was concerned, came in 1547, as the two emperors made a treaty for a 5-year peace. The Turkish text of this treaty, for the first time, no longer accorded Charles the dignity of an imperial title, referring to him merely as the ‘

Analysis of Chinas Healthcare Systems

Analysis of Chinas Healthcare Systems China went through a drastic change in 1978 from communism to a better economic change by Deng Xiaoping. He ushered china into new era. Even though he made huge reforms economically, China was lacking any significant reforms in medical systems. China prior to 1978 had a centralized medical system. Now its split between private and public services. Chinas public healthcare is inconsistent. The developed and established cities have easy and direct access to hospitals and lot of advanced medical services but the rural areas and towns dont have even basic medical needs. The quality in some health care facilities is up to Western standards even though their methods are different. (Gao,chen,4). Health care system is divided into government and private sector. Government provided majority of healthcare infrastructure and private sector provided majority of health funding. China urban health care system implemented new Basic Medical Insurance system (BIS) for urban employees, co-funded by employer and employee. Also, launched pilot projects to cover urban residents even outside workforce. Rural Health care system was also started consists of new co-operative medical health insurance system co-funded by government and rural population. By the end of 2007, NCMS covered 86% or rural population and is target to cover 100% by 2010. China is one of the fastest ageing countries and has more people aged 65 years. Chinas health care system during 1948-1978. Centrally Planned. Health care for all. Reimbursement system. Urban Health Insurance Plans GIS and LIS. Rural Cooperative Medical Scheme (CMS). Face of healthcare was barefoot doctor. No private clinics/hospitals. Another reform between 1978- 2000, decentralization Healthcare responsibility shifted to local bodies. Collapse of traditional healthcare system. Out-of-pocket expenditure increased drastically.   Permission granted for profit hospitals and clinics. Between 2000 -2005, merger of GIS and LIS into Basic Urban Employee Health Insurance plan à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢Rural co-operative medical scheme launched. Commercial insurers allowed to enter market. And in 2005-2012, healthcare for all. The new health care reforms focused on expanding health insurance coverage and improve healthcare system. The reforms also focused improving the quality in delivery of health services. Chinas elderly population is around 200 million and is increasing but their health-care and facilities are decreasing. Due to lack of health-care 3/4th of their elderly population is suffering from non-communicable diseases. Their health care system is unfair and is not changed according to the meeting needs of new age. Only a small percentage of population is covered by proper health-care. The elderly population has only few nursing homes and rehabilitation services. (Hamed,3) Moreover, the elderly population have less knowledge about safeties and precautions. Health-care education and promotion of safety guidelines are necessary. Many diseases can be avoided with by properly educating and spreading the safety principles. Public health care funding decreased over the years and at the same time house hold expenditure raised. China tried to change and improve their health-care system over the years through fee for service plan to reimbursement affects even then the health-care system is under stress. Increasing in the number of aging population and decrease in younger generations will cripple the country in the future. Moreover, the ageing population is a burden on the economy. (Wang, Chen,1). Government Initiatives to Meet Elderly Society Challenge. Implementation of various chronic-disease prevention programs at national level. Local government agencies training laid-off workers in long-term care. New reforms enabled for special geriatric medical training at undergraduate level. The number of geriatric units also are increased. Government and private organization efforts has increased elderly home and gave raise to many new nursing homes. Community based elderly care services were also started in many urban areas. Government has understood the health issues and started to allocate more funds towards imp roving elderly care. Chinas government health expenditure spending is very low according to international standards per capita expenditure is also low. Between 1987-2007, China has increased its efforts in improving health status of its population. Chronic diseases, non-communicable diseases accounted for 80% deaths. People of china had a high exposure rate to risk factors. Since 2003, many safety precautions and awareness campaigns are lead to protect people from infectious diseases. Health organizations also have focused eradicating water borne illness. Later huge investments were carried out to stop water borne pollution. A new national environmental performance information disclosure program has also been started to improve health care. Chinas population relatively young by international standards à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢However, rapid aging will soon begin in China. Chinas one child policy and aging population are creating huge economic and social challenges for society from growing and developing. These are some of the issues that are causing stress on Chinas health care system. References 1) Gao, Chen, Xu, Fei, and Liu, Gordon G. Payment Reform and Changes in Health Care in China. Social Science Medicine 111 (2014): 10. Web. 2)  Hamed, Abdula. The Problems of Chinas Health Care System Reasons for This Development and Improvement Suggestions. Hamburg: Diplomica Verlag, 2010. Web. 3) Wang, and Chen. Population Ageing Challenges Health Care in China.The Lancet 383.9920 (2014): 870. Web. 4)  The Lancet. Ageing in China: A Ticking Bomb. The Lancet 388.10056 (2016): 2058. Web.

The Innocence of Daisy Miller Essay -- Henry James, Daisy Miller

In 1878, Henry James wrote, Daisy Miller, a novella about a young American girl and her travels in Europe. Daisy Miller is a complex short story with many underlying themes such as appearance versus reality, knowledge versus innocence, outward action versus inward meditation, and Nature versus urbanity. In this short story, one is left to judge whether Daisy Miller, the main character of the story, is â€Å"a pretty American flirt† or a misunderstood, modern young woman. By probing into the complexities and contradictions of Daisy’s character, it is obvious that Ms. Miller is merely a misunderstood young woman. Through his novel, Henry James shows his readers that the gap between what people believe to be true and the actual truth can be large, hence the theme of appearance versus reality. To the Europeanized Americans in the novella, Daisy’s independence causes her to appear immoral. She is innocent and uncultured and incautious but the circle sees only the surface of her character and the actions that character takes. She rebels not by having a great knowledge of the rules which bind the society and consciously deciding to throw them out the window, but by being limited in her scope of experience and by refusing to change her natural ways in order to please a culture to which she does not belong. The great theme of the disparity between reality and appearance is at its greatest strength in the relationship between Winterbourne and Daisy because of the conflict which roars inside of Winterbourne regarding the appearance he cannot overcome and the reality he cannot accept. Daisy's lack of knowledge and experience deceives Winterbourne who is incapable of seeing life through the lens of inexperience after leaving America. He thus fails to understand her inexperience as innocence. Winterbourne attempts to apply the conventional rules he has accepted since leaving America to Daisy without realizing that she is not dissecting the world with the same meditating process that he undertakes. In Europe, Daisy behaves just as she had back in America. She even goes as far as to say â€Å"I’m a fearful, frightful flirt! Did you ever hear of a nice girl that was not?† (44). It is through this quote that one can see that Daisy does not realize in Europe, nice girls are most definitely not â€Å"flirts†. It is such behavior that scandalized the conservative Americans that she... ...y. At one point, Winterbourne tells Daisy that it did not matter whether he thought she was engaged or not. This so upsets Daisy that she cries, "I don't care...whether I have Roman fever or not!" (56). Winterbourne's ultimate rejection of Daisy, his decision to side with the American circle in Daisy's condemnation, hits Daisy so cruelly that she no longer cares to live. He refuses to believe in Daisy's innocence and she quickly fades away. Her resiliency and natural spontaneity have died. Winterbourne does not realize his mistake until Mrs. Miller relays Daisy's message to him and Giovanelli speaks to him at the funeral. Giovanelli looks to Winterbourne and states, â€Å"She was the most beautiful young lady I ever saw, and the most amiable...and she was the most innocent† (58). It was through this conversation that Daisy's innocence triumphs. The lasting message of this novella is Daisy's innocence and the cruelty of the society, which condemned her to death. Works Cited James, Henry.   Daisy Miller:   A Study.   The Heath Anthology of American Literature.   3rd ed. Vol. 2 Eds. Paul Lauter and Richard Yarborough.    Boston:   Houghton Mifflin Company, 1998.  Ã‚   452-92. 2 vols.

Task a Unit 055

Task A 1) What duty of care means in children and young people’s setting. All adults who work with, and on behalf of children are accountable for the way in which they exercise authority, manage risk, use resources; and safeguard children and young people. All the adults working within the setting have a duty to keep children and young people safe and to protect them from any sexual, physical and emotional harm. Children and young people have a right to be treated with respect and dignity. Trusted adults are expected to take reasonable steps to ensure the safety and well-being of children and young people.Failure to do so may be regarded as neglect. The duty of care is exercised through the development of respectful and caring relationships between adults, children and young people. It is also exercised through the behavior of the adult, which at all times should show integrity, maturity and good judgment. Everyone expects high standards of behavior from adults who work with c hildren and young people. When someone accepts such work, they need to understand and acknowledge the responsibilities and trust that the role brings.Employers also have a duty of care towards their employees, both paid and unpaid, under the Health and Safety at Work Act 1974. This requires them to provide a safe working environment for adults and provide guidance about safe working practices. Employers also have a duty of care for the well-being of employees and to ensure that employees are treated fairly and reasonably in all circumstances. The Health and Safety Act 1974 also imposes a duty on employees to take care of themselves and anyone else who may be affected by their actions or failings. An employer’s duty of care and the adult’s duty of care towards children should not conflict.This means that adults should: * understand the responsibilities, which are part of their employment or role, and be aware that sanctions will be applied if these provisions are breach ed * always act, and be seen to act, in the child’s best interests * avoid any conduct which would lead any reasonable person to question their motivation and intentions * take responsibility for their own actions and behavior 2) How this contributes to the safeguarding or protection of individuals. Duty of care safeguards children by the setting doing daily risk assessments and taking precautions to avoid accidents or the spreading of infections.They must follow the correct procedures if they have any concerns for the child’s well being. They should set clear boundaries for children depending on age, stage and development and discourage any behaviour, which could result in a child being harmed or upset. Assessments and observations on children should be carried out regularly to alert you to any problems that may need addressing. Practitioners should always listen to what children have to say and take any concerns they may have seriously.

Analysis Of The Narrative Scholarship Boy By Richard...

In the narrative called ‘Scholarship Boy’, by Richard Rodriguez. One can say that the biggest turning point is when Mr. Rodriguez himself realizes, at the age of thirty. The biggest attribute to his success and determination is schooling as a young boy. This is when Mr. Rodriguez had to live two separate lives. One as a young boy eager and willing to learn and develop, and another as a son and sibling to his family. At the age of thirty he finally is able to come to terms with this fact and be able to talk about in public and not have to keep it bottled up any longer. During this time in his life he is writing his dissertation and finds a written piece by Richard Hoggarts called, ‘The Scholarship Boy’. At this point in his life he sees that he is not alone with his life struggles. This was figuratively like lifting weights off of Mr. Rodriguez’s shoulders, you can see how while telling this part of the story stress is taken off of him. 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